1. Introduction to Polynomials – बहुपद का परिचय

English: Expressions formed using variables and constants with addition, subtraction and multiplication are called polynomials.

Hindi: चर और स्थिरांक से बने वे व्यंजक जिनमें जोड़, घटाव और गुणा हो, बहुपद कहलाते हैं।

2. Polynomial – बहुपद

General Form:

anxn + an-1xn-1 + … + a1x + a0

जहाँ सभी घातें धनात्मक पूर्णांक या शून्य होती हैं।

3. Degree of a Polynomial – बहुपद की घात

English: The highest power of the variable is called degree.

Hindi: चर की सबसे बड़ी घात बहुपद की घात कहलाती है।

4. Types of Polynomials (Based on Degree)

Constant Polynomial – स्थिर बहुपद

Degree = 0
Example: 5, −3

Linear Polynomial – रैखिक बहुपद

Degree = 1
General Form: ax + b

Quadratic Polynomial – द्विघात बहुपद

Degree = 2
General Form: ax² + bx + c

Cubic Polynomial – घन बहुपद

Degree = 3
Example: x³ + 2x² − x + 1

5. Zeroes of a Polynomial – बहुपद के शून्यक

English: α is a zero of p(x) if p(α)=0

Hindi: यदि p(α)=0 हो तो α बहुपद का शून्यक कहलाता है।

6. Graphical Representation – आलेखीय निरूपण

Zeroes are the points where the graph cuts the x-axis.

7. Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients

For ax² + bx + c

  • α + β = −b/a
  • αβ = c/a

8. Division Algorithm for Polynomials – विभाजन विधि

p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)

जहाँ r(x) की घात g(x) से कम होती है।

9. Remainder Theorem – शेषफल प्रमेय

If p(x) is divided by (x − a), remainder = p(a)

10. Factor Theorem – गुणनखंड प्रमेय

(x − a) is a factor of p(x) if p(a)=0

11. Factorisation of Polynomials – गुणनखंडन

Writing polynomial as product of its factors.

Example: x² − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3)

12. Number of Zeroes – शून्यकों की संख्या

DegreeMaximum Zeroes
00
11
22
33

13. Finding Zeroes by Factorisation

x² − 7x + 10 = (x − 5)(x − 2)

Zeroes: 5, 2

14. Zeroes of Linear Polynomial

Linear polynomial has exactly one zero.

15. Zeroes of Quadratic Polynomial

Methods: Factorisation, Quadratic Formula, Graph

16. Quadratic Formula – द्विघात सूत्र

x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a

17. Nature of Zeroes

DiscriminantNature of Zeroes
D > 0Two distinct real
D = 0Equal real
D < 0No real zero

18. Verification of Relationship

Verify α+β and αβ using coefficients.

19. Important Identities

  • (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
  • (a−b)² = a² − 2ab + b²
  • a² − b² = (a−b)(a+b)

20. Important Exam Questions

  • Find zeroes of polynomial
  • Verify relationship
  • Find remainder
  • Factorise polynomial

21. Chapter Summary

Polynomial is an algebraic expression. Degree decides type. Zeroes are solutions of p(x)=0.