PART-1 : REPRODUCTION & GENETICS (प्रजनन एवं अनुवांशिकी)

UNIT-1 : REPRODUCTION

1. Reproduction in Organisms

Asexual Reproduction

• Binary fission (Amoeba, Paramecium)
• Multiple fission (Plasmodium)
• Budding (Yeast, Hydra)
• Fragmentation (Spirogyra)
• Regeneration
• Spore formation (Rhizopus)
• Vegetative propagation
  • Natural: Rhizome, Tuber, Bulb, Offset, Sucker, Runner
  • Artificial: Cutting, Layering, Grafting, Micropropagation

Sexual Reproduction

• Juvenile phase, reproductive phase, senescence
• Gametogenesis vs embryogenesis
• Syngamy vs fertilization
• External vs internal fertilization
• Oviparous vs viviparous

2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower morphology

• Whorls: Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium
• Microsporogenesis (MMC → tetrad → pollen)
• Pollen grain structure
  • Exine (sporopollenin)
  • Intine
  • Vegetative & generative cell

• Pollen viability & pollen bank

Megasporogenesis

• Ovule types
• Embryo sac (7-celled 8-nucleate)

Pollination

• Autogamy, Geitonogamy, Xenogamy
• Pollinating agents: wind, water, insects, birds
• Pollen-pistil interaction
• Self-incompatibility

Fertilization

• Pollen tube growth
• Double fertilization
• Syngamy + Triple fusion

Post fertilization

• Endosperm development (free nuclear, cellular, helobial)
• Embryo development (dicot/monocot)
• Apomixis & Polyembryony
• Seed dormancy & germination

3. Human Reproduction

Male reproductive system

• Testis histology
• Spermatogenesis (FSH, LH, testosterone)
• Spermiogenesis
• Semen composition

Female reproductive system

• Oogenesis
• Follicular phase, Ovulation, Luteal phase
• Hormonal control (GnRH, FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone)

Fertilization & development

• Capacitation
• Acrosome reaction
• Implantation
• Placenta & hCG
• Pregnancy hormones
• Parturition & oxytocin
• Lactation & prolactin

4. Reproductive Health

• Contraceptive methods

  • Natural, Barrier, IUD, Pills, Injectables, Implants, Surgical

• MTP (Medical termination)
• Infertility causes & ART

  • IVF, ZIFT, ICSI, GIFT, AI

• Amniocentesis
• STDs (Gonorrhea, Syphilis, HIV, HPV)

UNIT-2 : GENETICS & EVOLUTION

5. Principles of Inheritance & Variation

• Mendelian crosses (mono, dihybrid)
• Test cross & back cross
• Incomplete dominance (Snapdragon)
• Codominance (ABO blood group)
• Multiple alleles
• Pleiotropy
• Polygenic inheritance (skin colour)
• Sex determination

  • XX-XY, XO, ZW-ZZ, haplodiploidy

• Sex linked inheritance (hemophilia, color blindness)
• Pedigree analysis
• Mutation (point, frameshift)

6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA

• Structure (Watson-Crick)
• Chargaff rule
• Packaging: nucleosome, solenoid

Replication

• Semi conservative
• Enzymes: helicase, ligase, polymerase, primase
• Leading & lagging strand, Okazaki fragments

RNA

• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Transcription

• Initiation, elongation, termination
• Post transcriptional modification

Genetic code

• Degenerate, universal, start/stop codon

Translation

• Ribosome cycle
• Polysome

Regulation

• Lac operon
• Trp operon (concept)

Biotechnology genetics

• Human genome project
• DNA fingerprinting (VNTR, probe, gel electrophoresis)

7. Evolution

• Origin of life (Oparin-Haldane)
• Miller experiment
• Lamarckism
• Darwinism
• Neo-Darwinism
• Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Genetic drift
• Adaptive radiation
• Convergent vs divergent evolution
• Human evolution (Australopithecus → Homo sapiens)

PART-2 : BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE, BIOTECHNOLOGY & ECOLOGY

UNIT-3 : HUMAN WELFARE

8. Human Health & Disease

• Pathogens
• Innate vs acquired immunity
• Cell mediated vs humoral immunity
• Antigen-antibody interaction
• Vaccination
• Allergy & autoimmunity
• AIDS mechanism
• Cancer biology & carcinogens
• Drug abuse (opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine)

9. Enhancement in Food Production

• Plant breeding steps
• Hybridization types
• Biofortification
• Tissue culture & somaclones
• Single cell protein
• Apiculture, Pisciculture, Poultry, Dairy

10. Microbes in Human Welfare

• Fermented beverages
• Antibiotics (Penicillin)
• Sewage treatment (primary, secondary sludge)
• Biogas plant
• Biocontrol agents
• Biofertilizers (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, cyanobacteria)

UNIT-4 : BIOTECHNOLOGY

11. Principles & Processes

• Restriction enzymes
• Cloning vectors (plasmid, bacteriophage)
• Competent cells
• PCR
• Gel electrophoresis
• Downstream processing

12. Applications

• Recombinant insulin
• Gene therapy (ADA deficiency)
• Bt cotton
• Golden rice
• Transgenic animals
• Ethical issues & biosafety

UNIT-5 : ECOLOGY

13. Organisms & Populations

• Adaptations (physiological, behavioral)
• Population growth models (J & S curve)
• Carrying capacity
• Life history strategies (r & k)

14. Ecosystem

• Productivity (GPP, NPP)
• Energy flow (10% law)
• Ecological pyramids
• Decomposition steps
• Biogeochemical cycles (C, P, N)

15. Biodiversity & Conservation

• Alpha, Beta, Gamma diversity
• Hotspots
• In-situ & ex-situ conservation
• Red data book

16. Environmental Issues

• Air & water pollution
• Eutrophication
• Biomagnification
• Ozone depletion
• Greenhouse effect & climate change
• Solid waste & e-waste management